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TENNE88EE 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


HOQ  CHOLERA  AND  SERUM  TREATMENT 


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Hog  Cholera 

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SERUM  TREATMENT 

FARMERS'  BULLETIN 


Department  of  Agriculture 
state  of  tennessee 


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T.  F.  PECK,  G.  R.  WHITE, 

Commissioner.  State  Veterinarian. 


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INTRODUCTION. 

It  was  only  a  few  years  ago  when  no  less  than  fifty-one  counties 
in  Tennessee  were  in  rigid  quarantine—  1><>th  Federal  and  State — on  ac- 
count of  the  widespread  prevalence  of  the  Southern  or  Texas  fever 
tick. 

.Yot  over  five  years  ago  that  greal  scourge  to  the  sheep-raising  in- 
dustry— "-cab"     invaded  the  flocks  of  the  Volunteer  State. 

Unceasing  warfare  on  the  "tick"  by  the  State  and  Federal  Govern- 
ments in  cooperation  with  the  county  authorities  eradicated  the  tick, 
and  the  State  has  been  released  from  quarantine  and  the  markets  of 
the  world  opened  up  to  our  Tennessee-raised  cattle.  The  day  will 
never  come  again  when  our  farmers  will  be  called  upon  to  sacrifice 
their  cattle  on  account  of  either  State  or  Federal  restrictions  against 
their  free  movement  to  market  centers.  One  of  the  first  official  acts 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  after  the  induction  of  Capt.  Thos. 
F.  Peck  into  the  Commissioner's  chair  was  a  determined  assault  by 
State.  Federal,  and  county  authorities  (eleven  counties  in  Middle  Ten- 
nessee) upon  the  sheep  scab  mite,  and  within  as  short  a  time  as  sixteen 
months  our  flocks  were  again  free  from  "scab,"  and  instead  of  Ten- 
nessee going  into  quarantine  as  was  threatened,  the  markets  of  the 
world  remained  open  to  the  sheep  raisers  of  this  State. 

Future  Policy  of  the  Department. 

Since  Texas  fever  in  cattle  and  "scab"  in  sheep  have  been  eradicated, 
it  now  behooves  us  as  loyal  Tennesseans  to  make  an  assault  upon  that 
great  scourge  to  our  swine-raising  industry — hog  cholera.  While  this 
department  will  endeavor  in  every  way  possible  to  prevent  the  spread 
of,  and  eradicate,  glanders,  bovine  tuberculosis,  lump  jaw,  black  le 
and  other  contagious  and  infectious  diseases  of  animals,  it  shall  be  our 
purpose  and  policy  for  the  next  two  years  to  wage  unceasing  warfare 
upon  hog  cholera,  and  most  of  our  energy  and  efforl  will  be  devoted 
to  the  Study,  control  and  ultimate  eradication  of  this  one  disease. 

Anti-Hog-Cholera  Serum   Plant. 

In  compliance  with  an  Act  of  the  Fifty-eighth  General  Assembly, 
wc  have  caused  to  be  erected  and  equipped  an  A.nti-Hog-Cholera 
Serum  Plant.  This  plant  is  located  at  [502  Clinton  Street.  Nashville. 
Tennessee,  and  has  been  constructed  and  equipped  according  to  mod- 
ern sanitar)  and  hygienic  requirements.  Experts  who  have  visited 
and  inspected  the  plant  pronounce  it  complete  and  perfect  in  all  its 
appointments.      It    has  a   capacit)    of   450  hyperimmunes,   which   are 

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.  «: 


capable  of  yielding  no  less  than    1,000,000  average   doses  of  serum 
annually.     The   Dorset-Niles   method   is   employed   in   producing  the 


serum. 


Reports  from  numerous  swine  owners  and  others  who  have  used 
State-made  serum  would  indicate  that  they  were  almost  unanimous  in 
attesting  to  its  great  value.  Of  course,  as  we  fully  expected,  a  few 
failures  have  occurred  and  some  mistakes  have  been  made.  Enough 
work  has  already  been  done  in  Tennessee  with  "State-made  serum"  to 
convince  us  that  this  serum  possesses  as  high  a  degree  of  potency  as 
any  serum  yet  produced.  When  we  pause  to  consider  results  from 
every  angle  we  feel  much  encouraged  with  what  has  already  been 
accomplished,  and  the  outlook  for  the  future  is  exceedingly  bright. 
We  positively  know  that  more  dollars'  worth  of  hogs  have  already 
been  saved  in  Tennessee  by  serum  treatment  than  the  plant  cost  the 
State.  Since  November  1,  1913  we  have  produced  over  3,000,000 
cubic  centimeters  of  serum.  This  serum  has  been  shipped  out  on 
1,950  different  orders  and  has  been  used  in  over  1,500  herds  of  hogs, 
by  1,200  men  who  have  visited  the  plant  and  there  received  the  neces- 
sary instructions  to  entitle  them  to  Virus  Permits. 

Our  object  in  publishing  and  distributing  this  illustrated  Bulletin 
is  to  acquaint  Tennesseans  with  hog  cholera  in  all  its  phases,  also  the 
facilities  which  have  been  placed  at  our  disposal  by  the  General  As- 
sembly for  the  purpose  of  combating  the  ravages  of  that  great  scourge 
to  the  swine  industry  in  the  Volunteer  State. 

Every  swine  owner  and  all  other  persons  who  are  interested  in 
the  protection  and  development  of  the  swine-raising  industry  are 
cordially  invited  to  visit  this  plant  and  become  familiar  with  the 
methods  here  employed  in  the  manufacture  and  use  of  anti-hog- 
cholera  serum. 

Five  thousand  copies  of  a  somewhat  similar  bulletin  to  this  one 
has  already  been  printed  and  distributed.  This,  the  second  edition— 
5,000  copies — has  been  revised  in  many  material  respects,  and  we 
offer  it  with  the  hope  that  our  efforts  will  meet  with  the  approval  of 
a  majority  of  the  Tennessee  swine  owners,  and  that  the  publication 
will,  in  a  measure  at  least,  assist  them  in  solving  this,  the  greatest 
economic  problem  confronting  them  today. 

Geo.  R.  White,  M.D.,  D.V.S.,  State  Veterinarian. 
State  Capitol,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  August  10,  1914. 


-2— 


PART  I.— HOG  CHOLERA. 

1  am  often  asked  the  question,  What  is  hog  cholera?  About  the 
best  answer  I  am  able  to  give  at  this  time  would  be  that  hog  cholera 
is  an  acute,  subacute  or  chronic  contagious  disease  of  hogs  caused  by 
a  filterable  virus,  the  specific  micro-organism  ("germ")  of  which  has 
never  yet  been  isolated  or  described  by  any  laboratory  or  field  worker. 
It  is  characterized  by  extreme  contagiousness  and  a  high  death  rate, 
and  does  not  affect  any  animal  except  swine. 

Annual  Losses  in  United  States  from  Hog  Cholera. 
Swine  values  in  the  United  States  total  many  thousand  over  one 
billion  dollars.  Authorities  claim — and  I  believe  justly  so — that  the 
annual  losses  from  the  ravages  of  cholera  in  this  great  country  of  ours 
amounts  to  between  fifty  and  sixty  million  dollars.  This  is  to  us  a 
tremendous  drain  in  the  way  of  actual  losses.  It  is  appalling  when  we 
pause  to  think  that  cholera  is  a  preventable  disease  and  one  easily  and 
cheaply  controlled. 

Annual  Losses  in  Tennessee  from  Hog  Cholera. 

The  1910  Federal  Census  gives  Tennessee  1,386,050  head  of  swine, 
valued  at  $7,320,377.00.  By  what  we  consider  a  conservative  estimate 
based  upon  reports  of  reliable  and  well-informed  men  from  most 
every  county  in  the  State  and  from  our  own  personal  observation  and 
other  dependable  sources  of  information,  we  have  claimed,  and  do  now 
state,  that  no  less  than  400,000  hogs,  valued  at  $2,250,000.00,  died  in 
Tennessee  during  the  year  191 2  from  hog  cholera. 

The  Indirect  Losses. 

Any  disease  which  causes  such  money  losses  in  one  year  in  a  State 
as  small  in  area  as  Tennessee  certainly  deserves  the  most  careful  con- 
sideration from  all  persons  who  are  either  directly  or  indirectly  in- 
volved. With  those  400,000  hogs  that  died  last  year  from  cholera 
made  into  bacon  and  lard  some  part  of  the  present  high  cost  of  these 
two  essentials  to  our  existence  would  be  solved.  The  control  and 
eradication  of  hog  cholera  does  not  by  any  means  involve  or  concern 
or  affect  the  pocketbook  of  the  swine  owner  alone,  but  every  meat 
consuming  citizen  has  a  share — from  an  economic  viewpoint — in  the 
success  of  such  an  undertaking.  Since  the  price  of  pork  and  pork 
products  are  based  upon  supply  and  demand,  it  is  logical  to  conclude 
that  for  every  hog  thai  dies  from  cholera  there  is  one  less  hog  with 
which  to  feed  the  people. 

Two  million  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  represents  only 

-3- 


the  direct  annual  losses.  The  indirect  losses  caused  by  discouragement 
of  the  swine-raising  industry  amounts  to  equally  as  much  as  the  direct 
losses. 

If  cholera  was  not  dreaded,  it  is  quite  probable  that  instead  of  only 
1,386,050  head  of  swine,  Tennessee  would  be  producing  at  least  3,000,- 
000  head.  Many  farmers  who  are  now  raising  only  a  few  hogs  each 
year  would  raise  many  if  cholera  was  not  feared.  I  know  of  at  least 
one  breeder  who  stated  to  me  that  he  had  tried  hard  to  raise  two  hun- 
dred hogs  a  year,  and  that  "cholera  wiped  them  out  at  least  two  years 
out  of  every  five."  Sometime  ago  he  took  it  upon  himself  to  investi- 
gate the  efficiency  of  the  Dorset-Niles  Anti-Hog-Cholera  Serum. 
After  investigating,  he  was  impressed  with  its  merits  and  later  stated 
that  instead  of  trying  to  raise  two  hundred  hogs  a  year  he  expected 
in  the  future  to  raise  one  thousand,  and  that  he  expected  to  make  it 
a  point  to  know  that  each  one  of  them  was  an  immune. 

History  of  the  Disease. 

The  first  outbreak  of  hog  cholera  about  which  we  have  any  authentic 
data  occurred  in  the  State  of  Ohio  in  the  year  1833.  Since  that  time 
it  has  spread  to  every  State  in  the  Union  and  throughout  almost  every 
European  country.  Its  first  occurrence  in  England  was  in  1862,  where 
it  has  since  appeared  from  year  to  year,  causing  in  one  year  (1896) 
the  loss  of  as  high  as  30  per  cent  of  all  swine  in  that  country.  It  ap- 
peared in  Sweden  in  1887;  Denmark  in  1889,  at  which  time  it  also  made 
its  first  appearance  in  France.  It  reached  Hungary  in  1895.  The  losses 
in  these  foreign  countries  appear  to  be  equally  as  heavy  as  those  in 
the  United  States.  There  has  been  only  a  very  few  outbreaks  of  hog 
cholera  in  Canada,  hence  Canadian  laws  in  regard  to  importation  of 
swine  from  the  United  States  are  very  rigid,  as  the  authorities  there 
hope  by  this  means  to  prevent  cholera  gaining  a  foothold  in  Canada. 

Susceptibility  of  Breeds. 

Although  some  breeds  have  been  lauded  and  advertised  as  being 
"immune  to  cholera,"  I  have  no  hesitancy  in  stating  that  all  breeds 
are  about  equally  susceptible,  the  "mule-foot  hog"  not  excepted. 

Pigs  after  weaning  and  young  shoats  are  more  susceptible  than 
the  older  hogs. 

Our  old  friend  the  "razor-back"  is  just  as  susceptible  to  cholera 
as  is  the  Poland  China,  Berkshire,  Hampshire,  Duroc  Jersey,  York- 
shire or  Tamworth.  No.  breed  will  withstand  the  onslaught  of  cholera 
infection 

-4- 


Mortality. 

In  localities  where  the  disease  appears  the  first  time  the  death  rate 
will  reach  from  80  to  95  per  cent.  In  isolated  instances  100  per  cent 
of  them  die. 

In  communities  where  cholera  is  more  or  less  prevalent  from  year 
to  year  the  death  rate  may  he  as  low  as  30  to  50  per  cent.  The  disease 
is  more  fatal  to  young  hogs  and  those  kept  in  unsanitary  surroundings. 

If  any  considerable  number  of  hogs  die  on  a  farm  or  in  a  com- 
munity from  contagious  or  infectious  disease,  we  feel  safe  in  suggest- 
ing hog  cholera  as  the  disease  causing  the  losses.  Cholera  is  the  only 
contagious  disease  of  swine  now  prevalent  in  Tennessee. 

Present  State  Regulations. 

All  swine  owners  should  acquaint  themselves  with  State  regula- 
tions pertaining  to  hog  cholera,  which  are  as  follows: 

"Sec.  30.  That  all  public  stock  yards  in  the  State 
are  hereby  placed  in  quarantine — as  regards  the 
handling  of  swine — and  all  persons,  firms  or  corpora- 
tions are  prohibited  from  removing  swine  therefrcm 
for  any  purpose  other  than  immediate  slaughter. 

"Sec.  31.  Hogs  infected  with  or  exposed  to  chol- 
era shall  not  run  at  large  or  be  driven  on  ranges, 
commons  or  public  roads;  such  hogs  must  be  confined 
in  strict  quarantine.  Carcasses  of  hogs  that  have  died 
of  cholera  must  be  sent  to  a  rendering  tank,  or  com- 
pletely burned  on  the  premises." 

The  statutes  of  Tennessee  prescribe  that  carcasses  of  hogs 
which  die  from  cholera  shall  be  BURNED. 

Period  of  Incubation. 

The  period  of  incubation,  which  means  time  from  actually  contract- 
ing the  disease  to  time  first  symptoms  or  evidence  of  sickness  appears, 
varies  from  four  days  to  four  weeks,  depending  upon  the  suscepti- 
bility of  the  individual  animal  and  the  virulence  and  manner  of  the 
infection. 

An  active  or  acute  attack  of  sickness  indicates  that  the  period  of 
incubation  was  short  and  the  infection  highly  virulent.  A  chronic  tvpe 
of  cholera  is  indicative  of  a  long  incubation  period  and  an  infection 
low   in    vitality.      The   period   is   usually    from   -even   to   fourteen   days. 

Sym  ptoms. 

Since  cholera  OCCUrs  in  three  different  firms — acute,  subacute  and 
chronic     the    nature    and    character   of    the    symptoms    naturally    van) 

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to  a  very  decided  degree,  even  in  individual  animals  belonging  to  the 
same  herd. 

At  the  beginning  of  an  outbreak  in  a  herd  we  usually  observe  only 
one  or  two  animals  showing  evidence  of  sickness.  There  is  nothing 
particularly  characteristic  in  the  signs  of  sickness  displayed  and  the 
presence  of  so  grave  a  disease  as  cholera  may  not  be  suspected  until 
a  week  or  two  later  when  other  hogs  in  the  herd  become  sick.  Of 
course  as  the  number  of  sick  hogs  increase  there  is  an  increase  in  the 
amount  and  virulence  of  the  infection,  hence  increased  opportunities 
are  offered  for  the  well  animals  to  contract  the  disease. 

Acute  Form. — This  is  by  far  the  most  common  type  met  with  in 
field  work.  At  the  beginning  the  temperature  is  elevated  from  two  to 
four  degrees  or  even  as  high  as  six  degrees.  Since  the  normal  tem- 
perature of  a  hog  is  102  to  103  degrees,  this  would  mean  that  in  chol- 
era cases  the  temperature  would  be  104  to  108  degrees.  The  tempera- 
ture of  a  hog  may  be  taken  per  rectum  with  a  pear-shaped  bulb  ther- 
mometer, and  above  104  degrees  in  cholera-infected  herds  would  indi- 
cate sickness  from  cholera.  On  account  of  the  high  temperature,  loss 
of  appetite,  lassitude  and  marked  depression  are  among  the  first  symp- 
toms presented.  Vomiting  is  frequent.  Usually  the  hog  strolls  off  from 
the  remainder  of  the  herd,  selects  a  quiet  place  and  lies  down,  some- 
times hides  by  covering  itself  with  litter  such  as  leaves,  straw,  etc.  The 
inflammation  of  the  intestines  and  soreness  in  the  abdominal  walls 
causes  arching  of  the  back,  tucking  up  in  flanks,  stiffness  in  hind 
quarters  and  loins,  often  causing  a  crossing  of  the  hind  legs  when  the 
animal  moves  about.  When  handled  the  pig  has  a  peculiar  squeal 
and  very  little  strength  or  power  of  resistance  and  is  easily  exhausted 
and  depressed. 

There  is  a  muco-purulent  secretion  from  eyelids  which  causes  them 
to  adhere  together.  Reddish  blotches  or  spots  oftentimes  appear  in 
the  skin  behind  the  ears,  under  the  abdomen  and  neck.  These  skin 
lesion-  are  particularly  noticeable  in  hogs  with  light-colored  skin.  Con- 
Stipation  alternates  with  diarrhea.  The  color  of  the  feces  depends 
upon  the  character  of  food  which  the  hog  has  eaten.  Thumps  is  a 
frequenl  symptom,  so  is  quickened  breathing  and  cough.  As  the  dis- 
ease progresses  the  symptoms  become  more  well  marked  by  the  hog 
becoming  extremely  weak  and  depressed  and  finally  coma  and  death. 
The  lo  ses  from  acute  cholera  will  vary  from  50  to  j^  per  cent.  I  Iow- 
ever,  those  which  survive  an  acute  attack  will  go  into  the  subacute 
and  sometimes  the  chronic  forms. 

Subacute  Form,    Tin-  i-  the  form  1h.1t  the  disease  assumes  after 


the  animal  has  been  sick  for  eight  to  twelve  days.  There  is  muscle 
soreness,  dry  skin,  catarrhal  discharge  from  eyes,  watery  bowel  dis- 
charges, loss  of  appetite,  cough,  depression,  etc. 

Chronic  Form. — When  the  animal  lives  from  twelve  to  thirty  days 
it  is  referred  to  as  the  chronic  form,  in  which  we  observe  irregular 
appetite,  emaciation,  weakness  and  general  unthriftiness  and  indiges- 
tion. The  inflamed  reddish  blotches  and  "spots"  on  the  skin  may  be- 
come dry  and  hard,  resulting  in  sloughing  and  sores.  Sloughing  of 
the  tail  and  ears  and  loss  of  hair  are  by  no  means  infrequent  sequelae 
of  hog  cholera  in  the  chronic  form. 

The  symptoms  of  cholera  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

1.  Failure  to  come  up  for  feed  or  refusal  to  eat. 

2.  Huddling  together  in  pens  or  nests. 

3.  Cough. 

4.  Stiffness  indicated  by  staggering  gait. 

5.  Discharge  from  eyes  and  sticking  together  of  eyelids. 

6.  Redness  of  skin,  especially  noticeable  in  white  hogs. 

7.  Rise  of  temperature. 

8.  Constipation  alternated  by  profuse  diarrhea. 

A  casual  or  even  careful  examination — by  the  average  stockman 
or  even  the  experienced  graduate  veterinarian — of  a  hog  sick  from 
cholera  does  not  reveal  sufficient  information  to  justify  an  unreserved 
diagnosis  of  this  disease.  Experience  has  led  us  to  believe  that  a 
thorough  post-mortem  examination  is  imperative  in  order  to  establish 
a  trustworthy  diagnosis.  Whenever  it  is  decided  to  determine  the 
cause  of  sickness  or  death  in  a  hog  the  carcass  should  be  carefully 
opened  up,  in  which  event  one  or  more — sometimes  all — of  the  fol- 
lowing lesions  will  be  observed  if  cholera  be  the  cause. 

Internal  Lesions  You  May  Expect  on  Post-Mortem  Examination 

Whenever  hogs  have  begun  to  die  on  a  farm  the  owner  should  take 
immediate  steps  to  diagnose  the  disease.  The  best  method  of  diag- 
nosis is  to  carefully  examine  the  carcass  for  lesions  of  disease. 

In  hog  cholera  the  following  post  mortem  changes  may  be  looked 
for.  It  must  be  remembered  that  all  of  these  lesions  may  not  be 
found  in  any  one  hog. 

Skin. — Red  or  purple  spots  may  be  observed  on  the  hairless  parts 
of  the  body,  especially  in  the  skin  of  light-colored  hogs.  Look  for 
these  skin  lesions  under  the  belly,  between  the  hams  and  behind  the 
shoulders.  In  long  standing  or  chronic  cases  the  skin  may  crack  and 
the  ears  and  tails  slough  off. 

—8- 


Stomach. — Congestion  on  mucous  lining,  and  hemorrhagic  spots 
may  he  in  evidence. 

Lymphatic  (Hands. — Darkish  red  discoloration  on  the  surface  and 
hemorrhagic  spots  when  these  glands  are  cut  into. 

Large  Intestines. —  Hemorrhagic  spots  and  congestion  in  mucous 
lining  in  acute  and  subacute  form.  Ulcers  of  various  sizes  and  shapes 
in  chronic  form.  These  ulcers  are  diagnostic  lesions  of  cholera,  as  in 
no  other  disease  do  they  appear. 


Fig.   2 — Ulcers    (Large    Intestine)    Chronic   Form. 


Fig.   3 — "Button    Ulcers"    (Large    Intestine)    Chronic    Form. 

Small  Intestines. — Changes  here  are  extremely  slight  and  not  ap- 
parent to  the  casual  observer  in  but  a  few  exceptional  cases. 

Spleen. — Sometimes  enlarged  and  discolored. 

Kidneys.— When  the  capsule  (covering)  of  the  kidney  is  removed 
by  stripping,  small  dark  red  spots  are  observed.  Sometimes  these 
kidneys  are  as  spotted  or  speckled  as  a  lurkey  egg.  The  finding  of 
spots  of  this  character  is  pathognomonic  evidence  of  hog  cholera,  as 
no  other  disease  produces  them. 

Lungs. — Certain  portions  of  the  lobes  of  the  lung  may  be  dis- 
colored and  solidified,  nol  resembling  in  any  particular  the  normal  or 


-9- 


healthy  lung,  which  is  light  pink  in  color.  The  lung  surface  often 
presents  hemorrhagic  spots  and  congested  areas  varying  in  size  from 
a  pinhead  to  a  dollar.  In  chronic  cases  pus  may  form  and  the  lungs 
may  be  adhered  to  the  chest  walls. 


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Bladder.  -Hemorrhagic  spots  and  congested  areas  on  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  bladder  are  by  no  means  infrequent  post-mortem  lesions 

of  hog  cholera. 

The  kidney,  lung,  and  gland  lesions  are  to  be  expected  in  most  all 
well-developed  cases  of  acute  and  subacute  hog  cholera.  These  post- 
mortem lesions  greatly  resemble  the  post-mortem  lesions  found  hi 
typhoid  fever  of  man. 

The  following  tabulation  of  post-mortem  lesions  was  recently  form- 
ulated by  Dr.  Geo.  H.  Roberts,  and  since  it  so  nearly  conforms  to 
our  own  findings  we  herewith  incorporate  it  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  are  called  upon  to  diagnose  hog  cholera: 

"Conditions  found  by  post-mortem  examination  of  ioo 
carcasses  of  hogs  which  have  had  cholera  within  a  period  of 
from  six  to  fourteen  days  from  infection.  The  writer  believes 
that  these  cases  form  a  fairly  representative  list  typical  of 
the  conditions  that  may  be  expected  in  ordinary  post-mortem 
for  acute  hog  cholera  : 

Diarrhea   present  in 23' ,    of  cases 

Skin    hemorrhagic   in 26%  of  cases 

Intestines  hemorrhagic  in ioo'v    of  cases 

Lymph  glands  hemorrhagic  and  enlarged  in.  .100%  of  cases 
Kidneys  hemorrhagic  and  petechiated  in....  100%  of     cases 

Spleen  petechiated  in ioor;    of  cases 

Spleen  enlarged  in 2%  of  cases 

Spleen  hemorrhagic  in 96%  of  cases 

Pleural  adhesions  in 3%  of  cases 

Bladder   hemorrhagic   in 27' <    of  cases 

Lungs  showing  red  hepatization  in 13' ,    of  cases 

Lungs  showing  gray  hepatization  in 2' ',    of  cases 

Lungs  hemorrhagic  in 92%  of  cases 

I  .ungs  petechiated  in 07%  of  cases 

Lungs  necrotic  in 3%  of  cast  - 

1  mIkt  diseases  present  in 3'*'    of  casi  - 

"Average  temperature  during  disease  was   to6.8  degrees 
Fahrenheit." 

Danger  of  Recurrence  on  L\ri:<  ui>  Lkkmisi 
Authorities  differ  as  to  length  of  time  required  for  cholera  infec- 
tion to  die  out  on  an  infected  premise.  1  [owever,  it  is  definitely  known 
that  the  virus  will  remain  virulent  for  as  long  as  four  months  when 
exposed  to  drying  by  ordinary  atmospheric  conditions.  It  may  be 
killed  much  more  quickly  by  exposure  to  the  direcl  rays  of  the  sun. 

-11- 


The  feces  of  infected  animals  retain  their  virulence  for  sixty-five  to 
ninety-five  days.  My  personal  experience  would  indicate  that  it  is 
unsafe  under  the  climatic  conditions  encountered  here  (Tennessee) 
to  endeavor  to  raise  unvaccinated  hogs  on  a  farm  or  other  infected 
premise  until  after  an  interval  of  at  least  twelve  months  has  elapsed 
from  the  last  outbreak.  Disinfection  of  premises  as  ordinarily  prac- 
ticed is  valueless  in  eliminating-  the  danger  of  reinfection.  In  fact, 
in  my  opinion,  the  disinfection  of  premises  by  any  method  or  under 
any  circumstances  is  of  doubtful  value  in  controlling  cholera  infec- 
tion on  a  farm.  It  is  often  misleading  in  affording  false  security  from 
the  lurking  danger  of  subsequent  outbreaks. 

Carbolic  acid  is  not  at  all  efficient  in  disinfecting  premises,  pens, 
cars,  etc.,  where  hog  cholera  infection  exists.  Cresol  Compound  U.  S. 
P.  in  3  per  cent  solutions  should  be  used  freely.  For  dipping  or  spray- 
ing the  hogs  2  per  cent  cresol  is  recommended. 

The  best  advice  bearing  on  this  point  I  am  able  to  give  is  to  do  one 
of  two  things :  either  raise  "immunes,"  or  retire  from  the  hog-raising 
business  for  at  least  one  year— preferably  the  former. 

Methods  by  Which  Hog  Cholera  Spreads. 

Remember  that  the  infection  must  always  come  from  the  outside. 
The  disease  never  arises  spontaneously.  The  urine  is  much  more 
virulent  than  any  of  the  other  body  secretions  or  excretions.  The 
feces  are  also  heavily  laden  with  infection.  The  infection  enters 
through  the  digestive  tract. 

The  infecting  agent  of  hog  cholera  is  just  as  virulent  and  danger- 
ous to  hogs  as  is  the  virus  of  smallpox  to  people.  Various  animals, 
such  as  dogs,  rabbits,  cats,  buzzards,  crows,  pigeons,  and  other  birds, 
may  carry  the  germs  to  another  herd.  Often  when  a  hog  dies  the 
owner  thinks  little  of  it  and  the  carcass  is  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
pen  to  be  eaten  by  the  other  hogs.  Or  the  carcass  is  left  in  the  field 
as  a  prey  to  other  meat-eating  animals.  This  hog  may  have  been 
the  first  to  be  infected  and  die  of  hog  cholera,  and  by  this  method  of 
disposition  the  seed  is  sown  for  a  good  crop  of  cholera  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. In  known  outbreaks  carelessness  in  the  disposition  of  dead  car- 
casses may  result  in  useless  spread  of  the  disease.  The  germs  may  be 
carried  on  the  shoes  or  clothing  of  anyone  handling  the  hogs  to  herds 
subsequently  visited.  Stock  cars  used  for  shipping  hogs  are  to  be 
considered  cholera-infested  unless  thoroughly  cleaned  and  disinfected. 

Visiting  Infected  Places. — It  is  dangerous  for  the  swine  owner  to 
visit  infected  places  and  return  to  his  own  herd  without  at  first  dis- 

—12— 


infecting  at  least  his  shoes.  This  should  he-  done  by  washing  them 
with  Cresol  Compound  U.  S.   P.  in  3  per  cent  solution. 

Show  Hogs. — Show  hogs  may  bring  the  germs  of  the  disease  to 
the  farm  upon  their  return  from  fairs  and  exhibitions.  For  this  reason 
they  should  he  held  in  quarantine  at  least  two  or  three  weeks  hefore 
being  allowed  to  run  with  the  other  hogs. 

Running  Streams. — Running  streams,  such  as  rivers,  creeks  and 
branches,  spread  cholera  by  washing  the  infection  down  stream  from 
hog  cholera  outbreaks  above ;  hence  it  is  unsafe  to  endeavor  to  raise 
hogs  where  they  have  access  to  running  water. 

Public  Roads. — Public  roads  are  disseminators  of  hog  cholera. 
Hogs  affected  with  cholera  are  liable  at  any  time  to  be  passing  and 
repassing  on  these  public  highways ;  hence  it  is  unsafe  to  allow  hogs 
access  to  public  roads. 

Public  Stock  Yards. — Every  public  stock  yard  in  Tennessee  and 
every  other  State  is  permanently  infected  with  the  virus  of  hog  cholera, 
hence  no  man  should  ever  think  of  removing  hogs  from  a  public  stock 
yard  for  breeding  or  feeding  purposes.  Whenever  a  hog  goes  into 
one  of  these  public  stock  yards  the  only  safe  place  for  him  is  direct 
to  the  abattoir  for  immediate  slaughter. 

The  Turkey  Buzzard. — Aside  from  public  stock  yards,  I  consider 
the  turkey  buzzard  directly  responsible  for  most  of  the  outbreaks  of 
hog  cholera  in  Tennessee.  If  you  drag  the  carcass  of  a  horse  or  cow 
or  that  of  any  other  animal  which  has  died  of  pneumonia,  colic,  or 
any  other  disease  out  on  the  farm  and  allow  this  carcass  to  be  con- 
sumed by  buzzards,  the  same  buzzards  which  flock  there  in  droves  to 
devour  this  carcass  may  have  come  directly  from  a  hog  cholera  carcass 
fifty  or  even  one  hundred  miles  away,  bringing  the  infection  to  your 
farm,  and  starting  an  outbreak  of  cholera  among  your  own  hogs. 
This  emphasizes  the  importance  of  burning  or  burying  all  dead  ani- 
mals on  the  farm.     Burning  is  far  preferable  to  burying. 

Many  of  the  Southern  States  afford  the  buzzard  legal  protection. 
This  accounts  in  part  for  their  great  numbers.  At  one  time  the  buz- 
zard was  protected  by  law  in  Tennessee.  At  that  time  anyone  killing 
a  buzzard  was  liable  to  arrest  and  line.  Of  course  when  the  law  was 
passed  no  one  had  any  idea  that  the  buzzard  was  such  a  spreader  of 
disease. 

Some  people  are  under  the  erroneous  impression  that  the  buzzard 
at  this  time  has  legal  protection  in  Tennessee.  For  their  benefit  I  will 
say  that  the  law  protecting  the  buzzard  was  repealed  in  1893.  Since 
that  dale  the  buz/anl  has  had  110  legal   protection   in  this  State.       \ny 

-13- 


—14 


person  can  kill  a  buzzard  without  violating  any  State  law.  Since  this 
is  a  fact,  even  good  citizen  should  do  his  part  toward  exterminating 
the  buzzard,  as  it  is  a  menace  to  the  live  stock  raising  industry  on 
account  of  being  a  spreader  of  not  only  hog  cholera,  but  black  leg, 
anthrax,  and  many  other  contagious  and  infectious  diseases. 

If  all  persons  would  make  it  a  rule  to  bury  all  animals  which  die 
on  their  farm,  then  there  would  be  no  inducement  offered  the  buzzard 
to  visit  their  premises.  Besides  being  an  attraction  to  buzzards,  the 
stench  from  foetid  carcasses  of  large  animals  constitute  a  public 
nuisance  in  any  community. 

Garbage — Garbage  from  hotels,  restaurants  or  even  private 
kitchens  is  dangerous  to  hogs  on  account  of  uncooked  meat  scraps 
which  it  often  contains.  Many  outbreaks  of  hog  cholera  have  occurred 
from  this  source.  If  garbage  is  fed  it  should  always  be  sterilized  by 
thorough  cooking. 

Dr.  Dorset,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Missouri  Valley 
Veterinary  Medical  Association  in  January,  1914,  gave  the 
following  estimate  of  the  relative  productivity  of  various 
sources  of  infection,  placing  the  greatest  burden  of  responsi- 
bility upon  the  human  element : 

Visitation  of  neighbors  carrying  the  causative  agent  on 
their  shoes  from  infected  herds  to  uninfected  herds  are  re- 
sponsible for  33  per  cent  of  the  outbreaks. 

Birds  carry  the  infecting  medium  in  27.5  per  cent  of  out- 
breaks. 

Dogs  are  probably  responsible   for  about  6.5  per  cent  of 

outbreaks. 

Streams  carry  the  etiological  factor  which  is  responsible 
for  some  8  per  cent  of  outbreaks;  hogs  in  adjoining  premises 
convey  the  infection  in  about  4.5  per  cent,  escaped  hogs  in 
4  per  cent  of  outbreaks;  new  stock  from  infected  sources 
bring  the  cholera  in  about  10  per  cent  of  outbreaks,  and  in 
some  6.5  per  cent  of  new  cases  the  infection  is  traceable  to 
local  causes  ,\uc  to  improper  sanitation. 


PART  II.— ANTI-HOG-CHOLERA  SERUM  PLANT. 

Excerpt  from  General  Appropriation  Bill  passed  by  the  Fifty-eighth 

General  Assembly : 

"To  establish  a  serum  plant   for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  and 
distributing  anti-hog-cholera  serum  to  the  swine  owners  of  Teinn 
at    actual   COSl   of  production;   said   plant    to  be  under  the  direct   super- 

-15- 


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-23- 


Fig.    14 — Interior   View   of    Plant. 


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-29- 


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Fig.  28 — Automobile  for  Quick  Delivery  of  Serum  to   Express  Office. 


—38— 


vision  of  the  State  Veterinarian.  The  amount  of  this  appropriation 
to  be  paid  out  of  the  State  Treasury  on  vouchers  approved  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture.    $10,000.00." 

The  Plant. 

The  plant  is  modern  in  all  its  appointments.  It  is  fireproof,  sani- 
tary, and  electric  lighted.  It  is  equipped  with  the  most  up-to-date 
fixtures,  machinery  and  laboratory  apparatus  that  money  could  buy, 
including  cold  storage  facilities.  The  sewerage  system  is  complete. 
The  plant  fronts  100  feet  on  Clinton  Street,  and  runs  back  175  feet  to 
the  N.,  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  It  is  within  two  squares  of  the  Nashville 
Union  Stock  Yards,  where  most  of  the  hog  supply  is  obtained.  The 
pens  and  hog  sheds  are  substantially  constructed  with  concrete  floors 
throughout.  The  plant  consists  of  a  modern  brick  building  14x100 
feet.  This  building  contains  bedroom  for  attendants,  office,  hypering 
room  14x17  feet,  virus  laboratory  10x14  feet,  bleeding  room  14x20 
feet,  serum  laboratory  10x14  feet,  and  storage  and  shipping  room 
TOXT4  feet.     It  has  a  capacity  of  450  hyperimmunes. 


PART  III— PROTECTIVE  VACCINATION. 

Origin  of  the  Dorset-Niles  Method. 

Dr.  M.  Dorset,  together  with  Dr.  W.  B.  Niles — who  conducted  most 
of  the  field  experiments — perfected  the  Dorset-Niles  Anti-Hog-Cholera 
Serum  until  now  it  is  well  out  of  the  experimental  stage.  We  have  no 
hesitancy  in  assuring  swine  owners  that  this  serum  when  properly 
made  and  intelligently  administered  will  protect  healthy  hogs  against 
cholera  under  all  conditions  and  circumstances. 

To  Dr.  Dorset,  a  native  Tennessean,  belongs  the  honor  and  credit 
of  discovering  anti-hog-cholera  serum.  He  was  born  and  raised  near 
Columbia,  in  Maury  County,  and  is  now  Chief  of  Bichemic  Division  of 
the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  Many  eminent  scientists  claim 
that  in  the  discovery  of  this  method  of  combating  hog  cholera  Drs. 
Dorset  and  Xiles  have  given  to  the  world  the  greatest  discovery 
known  to  the  science  of  veterinary  medicine.  We,  as  Tennesseans, 
should  at  this  time  he  especially  appreciative  of  this  great  achievement 
of  Dr.  Dorset,  who  has  reflected  credit  and  honor  upon  Tennessee 
and  the  nation  at  large. 

Although  only  four  years  have  elapsed  since  the  Dorset-Niles  Anti- 

Hbg-Cholera  Serum  wax  perfected  there  are  at  this  time  twenty-three 

States  engaged  in  making  the  product.    These  State*  plants  cost  $299,- 

-39- 


ooo.oo.  In  addition  to  the  State  plants  there  are  no  less  than  seventy- 
six  private  or  commercial  plants  manufacturing  and  distributing  serum 
in  the  United  States. 

Serum    Production. 

To  produce  potent  anti-hog-cholera  serum  in  accordance  with  the 
Dorset-Niles  method  it  is  necessary  to  start  with  an  immune  hog.  To 
secure  this  "immune"  it  is  necessary  to  get  a  hog  which  has  been  in- 
jected with  serum  and  virus  at  least  twenty-one  days  before,  or  select 
a  hog  which  has  recovered  from  the  disease  itself,  as  it  is  a  well-known 
fact  that  when  a  hog  recovers  from  an  attack  of  cholera  he  is  forever 
thereafter  "immune." 

After  securing  the  immune  it  is  necessary  to  obtain  "virus"  (blood 
from  a  hog  on  the  verge  of  death  from  cholera.  (See  Figs.  17,  1 8  and 
19  for  injection  into  the  ear  vein  of  this  immune.)  The  amount  of 
virus  necessary  to  hyperimmune  an  immune  weighing  300  pounds 
would  be  1500  c.c.  (approximately  three  pints).  This  virus  is  given 
intravenously,  the  ear  vein  being  used.  (See  Figs.  21  and  22.)  After 
an  interval  of  fourteen  days  the  hyperimmune  is  bled  from  the  tail. 
(See  Figs  23  and  24.)  The  usual  amount  taken  should  not  exceed 
the  amount  of  "virus"  given,  which  would  mean  1500  c.c.  from  a  300- 
pound  hog.  After  an  interval  of  seven  days  the  hyperimmune  is  again 
bled  from  the  tail.  At  the  end  of  the  next  week  this  hyperimmune  is 
carried  to  the  abattoir  for  slaughter  and  final  bleeding.     (See  Fig.  26.) 

After  the  blood  from  the  hyperimmune  is  secured  it  is  defibrinated 
by  specially-constructed  machinery  in  the  serum  laboratory  of  the 
plant.  (See  Fig.  25.)  To  this  defibrinated  blood  one-half  of  one 
per  cent  carbolic  acid  is  added,  which  acts  as  a  preservative. 

Anti-Hog-Cholera  Serum. 

Anti-hog-cholera  serum  is  the  defibrinated  blood  (liquid  portion 
of  the  blood)  of  a  healthy  hyperimmune  hog.  It  is  impossible  for 
this  serum  to  cause  hog  cholera,  because  it  is  charged  with  "anti- 
bodies" which  possess  the  property  of  being  antagonistic  to  the  hog 
cholera  infection,  and  will  protect  or  immunize  any  healthy  hog  against 
this  disease. 

Fake  "Serums"  and  "Vaccines." 

With  the  advent  of  the  Dorset-Niles  Anti-Hog-Cholera  Serum  a 
few  years  ago  the  most  deadly  of  all  swine  diseases  was  doomed  to 
ultimate  eradication  from  the  American  continent.    It  is  a  well-known 

-40- 


and  fully-established  fact  that  until  then  the  swine  owners'  investments 
in  hogs  was  at  all  times  jeopardized  by  this  disastrous  disease. 

Long  ago  all  well-informed  individuals  fully  realized  that  every 
medicinal  treatment  for  hog  cholera  which  had  ever  been  proposed 
was  worse  than  worthless  in  "curing"  this  disease.  The  swine  owners' 
pocketbooks  were  continually  being  depleted  and  flattened  by  so-called 
"hog  cholera  cures"  of  all  kinds  and  descriptions  which  in  reality  were 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  "fakes"  and  "frauds"  compounded  for  the 
purpose  of  wrenching  hard-earned  dollars  from  the  honest,  though 
gullible,  hog  owner. 

The  press — agricultural  press  in  particular — carried  in  each  and 
all  issues  glaring  advertisements  of  numerous  so-called  "cures  for 
cholera."  In  spite  of  the  large  amounts  of  money  spent  for  these 
"fake  remedies,"  hog  cholera  continued  to  spread  with  cyclone-like 
rapidity.  Since  the  discovery  of  the  Dorset-Niles  Anti-Hog-Cholera 
Serum  and  its  demonstrated  and  undisputed  efficiency  the  "fakers" 
have  shifted  their  advertisements  from  "medicines"  to  so-called  im- 
potent fake  serums  and  vaccines,  for  which  it  behooves  the  farmers  of 
Tennessee  to  be  on  the  constant  lookout. 

The  Dorset-Niles  Serum,  when  properly  made  by  reliable  and 
well-trained  men  according  to  the  U.  S.  Government  standards  and  by 
other  definitely-defined  technique  of  Drs.  Dorset  and  Nile?,  when 
properly  administered,  will  undoubtedly  protect  healthy  hogs  from 
cholera.  However,  the  field  for  fraud  and  deception  is  so  inviting  that 
the  unscrupulous  fakers  have  already  invaded  it  with  their  worthless 
"juice"  in  the  form  of  "vaccine"  or  "serum."  Look  out  for  them,  and 
refuse  to  allow  them  to  separate  you  from  your  hard-earned  dollars. 

Before  purchasing  anti-hog-cholera  serum  from  anyone  take  the 
precaution  of  determining  whether  or  not  the  manufacturer  is  in  pos- 
session of  a  permit  from  the  State  Agricultural  Department  for  its 
sale  in  Tennessee.  Up  to  August  10,  1914,  only  seventeen  commercial 
firms  have  been  granted  permits  to  market  anti-hog-cholera  serum  in 
Tennessee.  The  names  of  these  firms  will  be  furnished  upon  applica- 
tion to  the  State  Veterinarian. 

At  the  present  time  this  State  is  being  flooded  with  advertisements — 
by  mail  and  otherwise — of  at  least  thirty  commercial  firms  who  have 
something  attractive— in  price  or  otherwise — to  offer  the  swine  owners 
for  the  treatment  and  prevention  of  hog  cholera.  Beware  of  these 
and  remember  that  all  medicines  advertised  as  "hog  cholera  cures"  are 
worthier  and  that  50  per  cent  of  the  "serums"  and  "vaccines"  are 
frauds  and  arc  sold  and  distributed  in  this  State  in  open  violation 
of  law. 

-41- 


—42— 


In  order  to  partially  protect  -wine  owners  in  the  purchase  of  serum 
Congress  passed  an  act  making  it  unlawful  to  ship  serum  interstate 
unless  the  maker  is  in  possession  of  a  government  license.  The  law 
also  provides  that  the  license  number  shall  appear  on  the  bottle  label. 
If  any  Tennessee  -wine  owner  should  chance  to  get  serum  without 
license  number  being  printed  on  the  label  he  owes  it  to  himself  and 
others  to  send  this  bottle  when  empty,  with  label  intact,  to  the  State 
Veterinarian  at  Nashville,  who  will  promptly  refer  the  matter  to  the 
proper  federal  authorities  for  prosecution. 

Virus  Law. 

In  order  to  protect  the  swine  industry  from  the  indiscriminate  use 
of  virus  the  following  Act  was  passed  by  the  Fifty-eighth  General 
Assembly : 

CHAPTER    6,    ACTS     I913. 

AN  ACT  to  regulate  the  distribution,  sale  and  use  of  virulent  blood 

from  cholera-infected  hogs,  or  "virus,"  and  to  prescribe  penalties 

for  violation  of  same. 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  That  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm  or  corpora- 
tion to  distribute,  sell  or  use  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  virulent  blood 
from  hog-cholera-infected  hogs,  or  "virus,"  unless  and  until  they 
have  obtained  written  permission  from  the  State  Veterinarian  for  such 
distribution,  sale  or  use. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person,  firm  or  corpora- 
tion guilty  of  violating  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  or  failing  or  refus- 
ing to  comply  with  the  requirements  hereof,  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  fifty  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense,  and 
may  be  imprisoned,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  not  less  than  ten  nor 
more  than  thirty  days,  and  shall  be  liable  to  any  person  injured  on 
account  of  such  violation  to  the  full  amount  of  the  damages  and  all 
costs. 

Sec.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  this  Act  take  effect  from  and 
after  its  passage,  the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

How  to  Secure  Virus  Permits. 

It  will  be  observed  by  reading  the  above  Act  that  all  who  distribute 
or  use  virus  in  Tennessee  without  first  securing  a  permit  from  this 
department  are  violating  the  law.  It  is  our  policy  to  require  thai  per- 
son- who  visit  the  plant  -hall  receive  the  necessarj  special  instruction 
before-  issuing  virus  permit.  All  interested  persons  are  cordially  in- 
vited  to  visit   this  plant   at   _'  p.   m.  each  day,   Sunda\    excepted.     I  Mu' 

hour  at  the  plant  will  be  all  the  time  necessar)  for  proper  instruction, 
and  no  charge  for  same  will  be  made.  Instruction  is  free  to  all  resi- 
dents of  Tennessee. 

-43- 


Directions  for  Securing  Serum. 

Unless  personal  check,  postoffice  order  or  express  money  order  ac- 
companies order  for  serum  same  will  be  sent  by  express  C.  O.  D. 

Serum  and  virus  will  not  be  sent  by  parcel  post  as  the  postal  regu- 
lations will  not  permit  it. 

In  ordering,  it  will  be  necessary  to  designate  express  as  well  as 
postoffice.  Since  virus  is  perishable,  shipments  in  which  virus  is  in- 
cluded will  be  packed  in  ice,  and  it  is  recommended  that  virus  be  kept 
on  ice  until  used. 

The  present  price  of  serum  is  1J/2  cents  per  c.c,  which  we  estimate 
is  actual  cost  of  production.  Virus  will  be  sent  free  with  shipments 
to  persons  holding  "virus  permits"  from  this  department.  Virus  will 
not  be  shipped  to  unauthorized  persons  under  any  conditions. 

Serum  will  be  distributed  in  the  following  size  bottles :  500  c.c, 
250  c.c,  100  c.c,  and  50  c.c. 

On  account  of  the  danger  of  contamination  no  bottles  will  be  broken 
and  users  are  advised  to  order  in  above  sizes  or  multiples  thereof. 

In  ordering  serum  by  letter  or  telegram  direct  same  to  State  of 
Tennessee,  Cholera  Serum  Department,  1502  Clinton  Street;  or  tele- 
phone Main  5247,  in  which  event  there  will  be  no  delay  in  shipment. 
The  character  of  the  State  Veterinarian's  work  is  such  that  he  is 
oftentimes  out  of  the  city  and  even  State  for  days  and  sometimes 
weeks.  Since  his  mail  is  not  opened  during  his  absence,  if  orders 
are  directed  to  him  at  the  Capitol  there  is  a  possibility  of  several 
days'  delay  in  their  delivery  to  the  plant,  which  of  course  would 
mean  delayed  shipment. 

Serum  is  not  returnable. 

Serum  bottles  are  labeled  as  follows : 


Sf 


TS 


ANTI  HOG  CHOLERA  SERUM 

DEPARTMENT  of  AGRICULTURE 

STATE   or  TENNESSEE 
T.  F.  PECK,  commissiohlr  G.R.WHITE,  state  vltlrinarian 


This  Bottle  Contains 


c.c. 


Dosage  Simultaneous  Method 


5  to     15  pound 

15  to    25  pound 

25  to    50  pound 

50  lo    75  pound 

75  lo  100  pound 

100  lo  125  pound 

125  (o  150  pound 

150  lo  200  pound 

200  lo  250  pound 

All  Hogs  over  250 


Pigs  10  cc  Serum  %  cc  Virus 
Pigs  15  cc  Serum  '/,  cc  Virus 
Shoals  20  re  Serum  y,  cc  Virus 
Shoals  25  cc  Serum  y4  cc  Virus 
Shoals  (0  cc  Serum  "K  cc  Virus 
Hogs  35  cc  Serum  1  cc  Virus 
Hogs  40  cc  Serum  I  CC  Virus 
Hogs  45  CC  Serum  1 </,  cc  Virus 
Hogs  50  cc  Serum  I  •/,  cc  Virus 
pounds  60  cc  Serum  \'/,  cc  Virus 


—44— 


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-46- 


I.V-l  KiMKN  IS  AND  I'tf.NSILS  NECESSARY    FOR   VACCINATING  HOGS. 

(Sit'  Fig.  31.) 

30  c.c  serum  syringe $3  50 

1  J/2  c.c.  virus  syringe 1  50 

Swine  thermometer 1   00 

100  c.c.  cylinder  graduate 50 

Total     $6  50 

Extra  needles  for  serum  and  virus  syringes,  25  cents  each. 
The  above  are  kept  in  stock  and  may  be  secured   from  the  plant 
at  prices  quoted. 

Methods  of  Vaccinating. 

Two  methods  of  vaccinating  are  in  vogue,  viz. :  serum  alone,  and 
simultaneous  method.  The  scrum  alone  method  means  injection  of 
serum  without  virus.  This  method  only  affords  temporary  immunity — 
three  to  six  weeks.  We  do  not  advocate  or  even  indorse  this  method 
as  the  immunity  does  not  last  long  enough  to  justify  the  expense. 

The  simultaneous  method  consists  in  the  injection  of  a  small  amount 
of  virus  at  same  time  serum  is  injected.  This  method  affords  life 
immunity  and  does  not  cost  one  cent  more  and  does  not  require  one 
minute  additional  time  than  the  serum  alone  method.  This  simul- 
taneous method  has  our  unqualified  indorsement  and  is  the  only  one 
we  advocate. 

Time  to  Vaccinate. 

The  proper  time  to  vaccinate  hogs  is  before  they  become  sick.  If 
you  wait  until  they  are  standing  around  with  ears  drooping,  backs 
arched,  noses  to  the  ground,  no  appetite,  hind  legs  partly  paralyzed 
and  temperature  above  105,  it  is  certainly  too  late  to  save  all  of  them 
and  oftentimes  the  majority  will  succumb  even  in  spite  of  serum  treat- 
ment administered  in  double  doses. 

Vaccinating  Suckling  Pigs. 

The  protection  of  young  pigs  from  cholera  is  the  "knottiest  prob- 
lem" which  the  department  has  been  called  upon  to  solve;  however. 
from  our  own  experience  and  the  experience  of  others,  we  are  con- 
strained to  summarize  the  young  pig  problem  as  follows: 

We  know  that  suckling  pigs  are  extremely  SUSCentible  to  hog 
cholera  and  that  when  they  contract  it  the  death  rate  (mortality)  is 
very  high-   oftentimes    [00  per  cent   of  them   die. 

We  know  that  it  is  impossible  by  any  known  method  of  vaccina- 
tion to  gel  life  immunity  in  ;in\   large  per  cent  nf  suckling  pigs. 

-47- 


We  know  that  pigs  from  immuned  sows  are  themselves  immune 
so  long  as  they  are  subsisting  alone  on  their  mother's  milk,  but  that 
as  soon  as  they  begin  to  eat  other  food — which  is  at  14  to  18  days 
of  age — they  become  susceptible  to  hog  cholera. 

Looking  at  it  from  every  phase,  our  advice  is  as  follows : 

1.  Unless  the  pigs  are  in  actual  danger  of  hog  cholera  defer  vac- 
cinating them  until  they  are  weaned. 

2.  If  cholera  infection  is  already  on  the  farm  or  in  close  proximity 
thereto  you  are  justified  in  vaccinating  with  serum  alone. 

3.  If  forced  to  vaccinate  suckling  pigs,  you  should  revaccinate 
after  they  are  weaned  in  order  to  insure  life  immunity. 

4.  A  pig  is  never  too  young  to  vaccinate  if  it  is  in  immediate  dan- 
ger of  hog  cholera. 

Treatment  Before  Vaccination. 

Hogs  that  are  to  be  vaccinated  should  be  kept  in  as  cleanly  and 
sanitary  manner  as  possible  before  the  operation.  This  would  of  course 
mean  that  they  should  be  kept  away  from  dust,  manure  and  wallow 
holes.  It  is  best  to  have  them  empty  at  time  of  operation  as  the  usual 
danger  attending  the  handling  of  "full  hogs,"  such  as  rupture  of 
internal  organs,  blood  vessels,  etc.,  will  thereby  be  eliminated. 

Virus  bottles  will  be  labeled  as  follows : 


§f 


HOG  CHOLERA  VIRUS 

DEPARTMENT  or  AGRICULTURE 

STATE   or  TENNESSEE 

T.  F.  PECK, commissioner  G.R.WHITE, state  veterinarian. 

For  Dosage  See  Label  on  Serum  Bottle. 

CAUTION 


Virus  is  perishable  and  should  be  kept  on  ice  until  used. 
The   dose  should   be   measured   accurately.      Extreme  care  should 
be  exercised  in  disposing  of  all  Virus  not  used.     It  should  be  burned. 

Do  not  use  contents  of  this  package  after. 191 — _ 


-48- 


IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 

Read  every  word  of  the  following  before  you  ever  undertake 

to  vaccinate  a  hog. 

1.  Remember  that  there  is  a  very  decided  and  important  distinction 
between  scrum  and  virus. 

Serum  is  the  deribrinated  blood  of  a  healthy  hyperimmune  bog  and 
is  incapable  of  producing  cholera. 

Virus  is  the  defibrinated  blood  of  a  hog  sick  of  cholera  and  is 
capable  of  producing  the  disease  unless  used  with  discretion  and  ex- 
treme care. 

2.  Virus  is  perishable  and  should  be  kept  on  ice  until  used.  Don't 
order  "virus"  unless  you  are  in  possession  of  a  "virus  permit."  Don't 
use  virus  after  expiration  date  marked  on  bottle  label.  This  date  is 
ten  days  after  virus  is  drawn  from  hog.  Burn  all  virus  not  used.  Do 
not  handle  virus  on  public  roads,  commons  or  ranges.  Don't  inject 
virus  into  a  hog  which  is  already  sick.  Take  temperature  per  rectum  ; 
if  the  temperature  is  above  104  degrees  it  indicates  that  the  hog  is 
sick.  Into  such  a  hog  inject  a  double  dose  of  serum — no  virus.  Inject 
serum  and  virus  into  all  hogs  showing  a  temperature  below  104  degrees 
F.    The  normal  temperature  of  swine  is  102  to  103  degrees. 

3.  Great  care  and  cleanliness  is  exercised  in  the  manufacture  of 
anti-hog-cholera  serum  ;  hence  it  behooves  those  who  are  to  use  it  to 
use  at  least  ordinary  caution  in  handling  and  administering  it. 

4.  Serum  is  preserved  with  Yi  per  cent  carbolic  acid  which  is,  to 
say  the  most  of  it,  an  extremely  weak  preservative  in  this  strength, 
hence  in  summer  serum  should  be  kept  in  a  dark,  cool  place  until  used. 
Keep  it  in  a  refrigerator  if  possible.  However,  an  ordinary  cellar 
temperature  is  permissible.  In  winter  proteel  it  from  freezing.  Never 
expose  serum  to  sunlighl  or  heat  from  stoves,  radiators,  steam 
pipes,  etc. 

5.  Never  open  more  than  one  bottle  at  a  time,  and  never  pour  the 
contents  of  this  one  bottle  into  any  other  bottle  or  vessel.  Always 
pour  it  from  the  original  1  ottle  directly  into  a  100  c.c.  cylinder  graduate 
in  order  to  accurately  measure  the  dose.  From  this  graduate  the 
syringe  1-  filled  by  removing  cap  and  piston  and  pouring  directly  into 
barrel  <>t'  syringe. 

6.  All  instruments  and  utensils  used  should  be  thoroughly  sterilized 
by  boiling  before  use  and  the  hands  of  the  operator  cleansed  by  thor- 
oughly  washing. 

—49— 


7.  Never  underestimate  the  weight  of  the  hog.  Better  overestimate 
the  weight,  as  it  is  possible  to  give  too  little  serum,  but  utterly  impos- 
sible to  give  too  much. 

8.  Tincture  of  iodine  is  universally  recognized  as  the  most  efficient 
skin  disinfectant,  hence  it  is  recommended  that  the  site  of  injection 
be  painted  with  tincture  of  iodine.  Allow  about  one  minute  for  drying 
before  injection  is  made. 

9.  Carefully  force  all  air  out  of  the  syringe  before  making  the  in- 
jection, as  air  bubbles  are  calculated  to  cause  abscesses. 

10.  Serum  should  remain  potent  for  at  least  six  months  if  kept  in 
original  sealed  bottles  in  refrigerator. 

11.  Destroy  all  unused  bottles  of  serum  which  have  been  opened. 

13.  The  injection  should  be  made  behind  the  ear  of  large  hogs,  espe- 
cially those  which  are  to  be  slaughtered  within  four  to  six  weeks  after 
vaccination.  (See  Fig.  33.)  The  site  of  injection  is  in  the  depression 
behind  the  jaw,  and  slightly  below  and  a  little  behind  base  of  ear.  This 
location  is  recommended  in  preference  to  ham  injection,  on  account 
of  possibility  of  abscesses  following  the  injection.  Another  desirable 
site  for  injection  in  large  hogs  is  under  the  skin  in  axillary  space — 
depression  between  chest  and  elbow.     (See  Fig.  32.) 

14.  Never  mix  serum  and  virus.  Always  inject  them  separately; 
serum  on  one  side  and  virus  on  the  other.  Use  a  special  syringe  for 
each. 

15.  Handle  pregnant  sows  with  care  while  vaccinating.  The  in- 
jection of  serum  and  virus  will  not  cause  abortion,  but  rough  and 
careless  handling  will  cause  it. 

16.  After  each  injection  is  made  immerse  syringe  in  a  clean  basin 
containing  carbolic  acid,  one  teaspoonful ;  warm  water,  one-half  gallon. 

17.  Keep  vaccinated  hogs  in  a  small  lot  for  twenty-one  days  after 
the  operation,  before  they  are  allowed  to  mingle  with  unvaccinated  hogs 
or  run  at  large  on  public  roads,  commons  or  ranges. 

18.  \\  e  recommend  immunizing  the  whole  herd,  then  immunize 
each  litter  of  pigs  at  or  just  before  weaning  time.  This  gives  protection 
against  cholera  at  a  very  reasonable  cost.  Make  it  a  practice  to  raise 
only  immune  hogs,  in  which  your  investments  in  swine  will  be  almost 
as  safe  as  U.  S.  Government  bonds.  Losses  from  this  disease  can  be 
entirely  eliminated  by  maintaining  a  cholera-immune  herd  at  all  times. 

19.  Pigs  from  immune  sows  are  themselves  immune  while  they  are 
subsisting  alone  on  the  mother's  milk.  As  soon  as  they  begin  to  eat 
about  the  premises  they  become  susceptible  to  the  disease. 

—50— 


20.  Do  not  spill  any  virus  on  the  premises.  That  which  is  not 
put  into  the  hog  should  be  kept  in  the  bottle. 

21.  Don't  let  any  person  who  has  not  visited  a  serum  plant  and 
there  received  special  instructions  vaccinate  your  hogs,  and  don't  at- 
tempt to  do  so  yourself  without  receiving  the  necessary  instructions. 
People  are  not  born  with  knowledge  of  this  kind.  It  must  be  acquired 
and  the  best  place  to  acquire  it  is  at  a  serum  plant  under  direction  of 
an  expert  in  this  line  of  work. 

-•_'.  Serum  is  a  protective  agent  against  cholera.  It  will  prevent 
cholera  in  ioo  per  cent  of  cases.  We  do  not  here  lay  any  claim  for  it 
being  a  specific  treatment  for  hogs  already  sick  of  the  disease.  How- 
ever, we  feel  safe  in  saying  that  even  in  sick  herds  the  losses  after 
proper  vaccination  will  not  exceed  50  per  cent.  Don't  wait  until  they 
are  sick  to  vaccinate,  as  at  this  time  it  requires  large  doses  of  serum 
and  is  otherwise  expensive.  The  proper  time  to  vaccinate  is  before 
the  pigs  exceed  twenty-five  pounds  in  weight,  as  at  this  period  they 
only  require  a  small  dose  of  serum  and  can  be  protected  for  life  at  an 
expense  of  twenty-five  cents  per  head. 

23.  Avoid  exciting  and  crowding  hogs  before  treating,  as  this  tends 
to  increase  the  temperature. 

24.  Wash  mouth  of  bottles  before  opening. 

26.     Fig.  33  shows  proper  method  of  restraint  for  large  hog-. 

28.  Avoid  the  bone  when  inserting  the  needle. 

29.  I  lave  helpers  to  catch  and  hold  the  hogs.  The  operator  should 
confine  himself  to  the  actual  operation. 

30.  Don't  hurry. 

31.  Don't  expect  anti-hog-cholera  serum  to  protect  hogs  against 
cottonseed  meal  poison.  lye  poison,  pneumonia,  etc.,  as  it  will  not  do  it. 
It  is  made  to  protect  hogs  from  cholera,  and  none  other. 

32.  With  proper  assistants  one  man  can  easily  vaccinate  [50  to 
250  hogs  in  ten  hours. 

33.  Don't  vaccinate  hogs  for  ten  days  after  castration  or  any  other 
surgical  operation  and  do  1 1  * » t  castrate  or  perform  any  other  surgical 
operation  for  ten  days  after  vaccinating.  Of  course,  where  the  hogs 
are  in  immediate  Sanger  of  cholera  infection,  the  above  does  not  apply. 

34.  Pigs  are  never  too  y< >ung  t<  1  vaccinate,  1>\  either  the  serum  al< me 
or  simultaneous  method,  if  they  are  in  danger  of  cholera  infection.  I'>e 
sure  and  give  \er\  young  pigs  enough  serum.  It  requires  more  serum 
in  proportion  to  weighl  to  protect  young  pigs  than  older  hogs. 

35.  I)    n't    fail   tO   take   temperature-   in   sick   herd-. 

—51  — 


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—53— 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  VACCINATING. 

i.  Sterilize  instruments  by  boiling. 

2.  Wash  your  hands. 

3.  Carefully  estimate  weight  of  hog. 

4'.  Restrain  the  hog  by  holding    or    otherwise.       (See    Figs.    32 

and  33.) 

5.  Paint  site  of  injection  with  tincture  of  iodine. 

6.  Wash  mouth  of  serum  and  virus  bottles. 

7.  Measure  amount  of  serum  with  graduate  and  pour  serum  into 
barrel  of  syringe. 

8.  Replace  syringe  piston  and  cap. 

9.  Fill  virus  syringe  with  required  amount  of  virus.  See  label  on 
serum  bottle. 

10.  Inject  serum  behind  ear  or  behind  shoulder  of  one  side  and 
virus  on  the  other  side.  If  more  than  one  syringeful  is  to  be  used, 
withdraw  the  needle  and  make  the  second  injection  on  opposite  side, 
in  which  event  virus  should  be  injected  into  some  other  site.  (See 
Figs.  32  and  33.) 

Dose  Table, 
dosage  simultaneous  method  in  healthy  herds. 
5  to     15  pound  pigs — 10  c.c.  serum,  Y\   c.c.  virus. 
15  to     25  pound  pigs — 15  c.c.  serum,  y2  c.c.  virus. 
25  to     5°  pound  shoats — 20  c.c.  serum,  Y/2  c.c.  virus. 
50  to     75  pound  shoats — 25  c.c.  serum,  }i  c.c.  virus. 
75  to  100  pound  shoats — 30  c.c.  serum,   }i   c.c.  virus. 
100  to  125  pound  hogs — 35  c.c.  serum,  1  c.c.  virus. 
125  to  150  pound  hogs — 40  c.c.  serum,  1  c.c.  virus. 
150  to  200  pound  hogs — 45  c.c.  serum,  ix/2  c.c.  virus. 
200  to  250  pound  hogs — 50  c.c.  serum,  \Y2  c.c.  virus. 
All  hogs  over  250  pounds — 60  c.c.  serum,  il/2  c.c.  virus. 
The  dose  of  serum  prescribed  above  is  the  minimum  amount  which 
will  protect,  and  the  virus  dose  prescribed  is  the  maximum  amount 
which  hogs  will  stand  with  safety.     In  sick  herds  we  urgently  recom- 
mend one-third  to  one-half  increased  dose  of  serum,  even  though  the 
temperature   is   not   elevated   sufficiently   to    indicate   actual    sickness. 
We  believe  by  following  this  suggestion  a  much  larger  per  cent  of 
hogs  in  such  herds  will  be  saved  than  there  would  had  the  dose  not 
been  increased. 

11.  After  finishing  a  job  of  vaccinating  all  instruments  and  utensils 
should  be  thoroughly  washed  and  dried.  The  syringe  pistons  should 
be  lubricated  with  3  in  1  Oil  to  prevent  sticking  to  barrel. 


•  •.  •  • 


•  •  •      *        •  • 


Ai  i ik  Treatment  of  a  Va<  i  enated  Herd. 

It'  the  scrum  is  pure  and  potent  and  the  vaccination  is  done  proper- 
ly, the  treated  animals  will  seldom  mis-  a  feed.  Usually,  however, 
the  serum  treatment  causes  a  slighl  febrile  reaction  and  the  tempera- 
ture may  vary  several  degrees  from  normal  for  a  period  of  days,  some- 
times going  to  105  degrees  or  even  higher.  Within  from  six  to  ten 
days  the  animal  should  return  to  normal  conditions,  with  temperature 
at  about  103  degrees. 

If  a  hog  becomes  noticeably  sick  after  vaccination  the  chances  are 
that  either  an  insufficient  dose  of  serum  has  been  given,  or  the  potency 
of  the  serum  is  not  as  high  as  it  should  he.  Avoid  turning  hogs  into 
muddy,  dirty  or  filthy  lots  after  they  are  injected.  The  very  worst 
place  to  vaccinate  hogs  is  in  the  barn  and  the  most  dangerous  place 
to  turn  them  after  they  are  treated  is  in  a  barn  yard  where  they  have 
access  to  manure.  Tf  they  are  not  kept  away  from  filth  and  manure 
the  losses  from  tetanus  ("lock  jaw")  and  septicaemia  ("blood  poison"  ) 
is  likely  to  he  heavy.  Rest  to  turn  them  out  to  pasture.  Tf  abscesses 
form,  it  indicates  that  the  proper  cleanliness  and  care  has  not  been 
exercised  in  the  work.  When  abscesses  do  form  they  should  be  lanced 
and  the  wound  washed  once  daily  with  one  tablespoonful  lysol  to  one 
quart  of  warm  water. 

Causes  of  Failures  From  Serum  Treatment. 

The  few  failures  or  unfavorable  results  which  have  been  reported 
may  be  attributed  to  one  of  the  following  three  causes: 

(a)  Underestimating  the  weight  of  hogs. 

(b  )   Treating  sick  hogs  with  well  hog  doses. 

(c)   Treating  chronic  cholera. 

Whenever  you  underestimate  the  weight  of  a  hog  you  fail  to  give 
a  sufficientlv  large  dose  of  serum  to  protect  him  from  the  virus  ad- 
ministered. Here  T  desire  to  re-emphasize  what  has  been  stated  many 
times  before.  Give  enough  scrum.  Don't  cut  the  dose  down  to  c.c. 
in  order  to  save  15  cents,  for  in  so  doing  you  may  be  killing  a  hog 
worth  S_'5.  Don't  treat  sick  hogs  with  well  hog  doses.  Sick  hogs 
require  double  doses.  The  only  way  to  determine  the  fact  of  sick- 
ness  i-  to  take  temperature-.      If  temperature  is  over   104   the  hog  is 

already  infected.     Into  such  a  hog  you  are  supposed  to  put  a  double 

dose  of  serum  and  no  virus.  To  those  showing  a  temperature  of  less 
than  104  degrees  give  the  simultaneous  treatment.  There  is  nothing 
quite  SO  important   in   vaccinating  hogs  as  taking  temperatures.      Ybu 

may  expeel  to  lose  from  25  to  35  per  cent  of  sick  hogs  treated  even 

—55— 


with  double  doses.  Of  course  this  applies  to  acute  cholera — hogs  which 
have  not  been  sick  over  eight  days.  Don't  treat  chronic  cholera,  as  it 
is  a  useless  waste  of  serum.  If  a  hog  has  been  sick  over  eight  days 
serum  even  in  double  doses  will  do  it  no  good.  It  is  well  also  to  re- 
member that  in  chronic  cholera  the  fever  has  oftentimes  dropped  down 
to  normal  or  even  below  normal.  In  such  cases  the  thermometer 
cannot  be  depended  upon  for  diagnosis.  After  the  ulcers  form  on 
the  intestines  (eight  days)  a  hog  will  die  as  quick  with  serum  as  with- 
out it.    Don't  treat  chronic  cholera. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  this  great  fight  of  science  against  hog  cholera  science  will  pre- 
vail and  hog  cholera  will  be  as  surely  conquered  by  anti-hog-cholera 
serum  and  modern  sanitation  as  night  follows  the  day.  The  slogan 
should  be,  "All  pull  together  for  the  eradication  of  hog  cholera."  When 
science  and  effort  have  caused  hog  cholera  to  vanish  from  the  confines 
of  the  Volunteer  State,  then  we  will  be  a  happier,  better  fed,  more 
prosperous  and  better  contented  people. 


Additional   copies  of   this    Bulletin  will   be   furnished   free   upon  writ- 
ten request  to 

STATE  OF  TENNESSEE 

CHOLERA  SERUM  DEPARTMENT 

1502  Clinton  St. 

NASHVILLE,   TENN. 


-56— 


FOSTER   4  CARKES   CO.,    NASHVILLE 


